Using Assessment and Feedback Essay Example for Free

Using Assessment and Feedback EssayThe purpose of this study is to determine if severalize instruction has an effect on assimilator act and multiple intelligences in a classroom. One of the best ways to address multiple intelligences in a classroom is for teachers to develop their understanding of the natural intersection point of certain concepts. Dedicated teachers who are well practiced in a variety of strategies can more in effect address multiple intelligences in their classrooms. reign over instruction and differentiated instruction are two different direction strategies.In direct instruction students cash in ones chips in whole group. The teacher explains the problem to the students based on targeted learning out start outs. Students work in a large group on the required task in a judgment of convictionly manner. On the other hand, students who work in a flexible and/or cooperative group are guided with the strategy of differentiated instruction. The students in the group work together to master a set of skills depicted and explained in detail by the teacher. The teacher cans instruction based on the whimsicalness of each student and his or her specific learning style.In differentiated instruction, students and teachers collaborate with one a nonher to meet the targeted goals (Tomlinson, 2001). Teachers use differentiated instruction in the classroom by prescribing applied science supported cooperation, which enhanced student achievement. Most important, significant increases occurred in student achievement for students in the treatment group who used Internet-based software that differentiated instruction based on student needs and targeted learning outcomes.In the same way, teachers who are trained to use CAI and cooperative learning in step professional tuition programs notably and effectively can change their teaching practices. Technology-based instruction in the classroom requires training. High-quality professional growing is ongoing staff development at the school site for administrators, teachers, and other instructional staff to understand student needs and improve results (National Staff Development Council, 2004). Teachers at the targeted school come to the table with varying levels of ability, technology skills, and knowledge of computers.Professional development is a key factor in providing teachers with the mechanics that assist in understanding and applying the technology in differentiated instruction. The staff at the targeted school receives monthly technology-based professional development. The goals of the professional development sessions are well defined. According to Joyce and Showers (2002), effective professional development includes ongoing modeling, practice, feedback, and reflection over time. In a typical coaching model, literacy coaches and teachers engage in a cycle of demonstration, observation, and reflection (Mraz et al. 2009).Together, both participants demonstrate, observe, reflect, and consider how much(prenominal) teaching decisions influence students. Another level of reflection occurs when the coach and teacher consider the learning outcomes of the students. As this happens, teachers develop a vested interest in coaching and start to see the benefits of reflection within their practice. Oftentimes, such awareness inspires teachers to continue their engagement in professional development and reflection.They become stakeholders in their own learning and seek ongoing support from their literacy coach. Differentiated support, based on teachers individual needs and learning styles, is crucial for the work of a literacy coach. Learning happens within teachers, not to them (Tomlinson McTighe, 2006). One-size-fits-all professional development focuses on the dissemination of the same information to teachers and does not consider application or individual learning styles. Yet teachers are unique in terms of their pedagogy, experience, and content knowledge .Therefore, learning should be differentiated to provide multiple options for taking in information, making sense of ideas, and sharing the information erudite (Tomlinson McTighe, 2006). If teachers are expected to provide instruction responsive to students learning style needs, it is essential they be provided with the training and experience necessary to do so (Evans Waring Honigsfeld Schiering, 2004). However, teachers who effectively implement the experiential approach do not focus on the hands-on nature of constructivist experientialism to the exclusion of serious mental involvement.Indeed, students must also move mentally through reflection and expression of their experiences (Kolb Kolb, 2009). The implementation of this involves active experimentation and concrete experiences in the hands-on stage and reflective observation and abstract conceptualization in the minds-on stage (Young, 2002). Traditionally assessments have been used to measure how much our students have learned up to a particular point in time (Stiggins, 2007). This is what Rick Stiggins alls assessment of learning and what we use to see whether our students are meeting standards set by the state, the district, or the classroom teacher.These summative assessments are conducted after a unit or certain time period to determine how much learning has taken place. Although Stiggins notes that assessments of learning are important if we are to ascribe grades to students and provide accountability, he urges teachers to focus more on assessment for learning. These types of assessment formative assessments support learning during the learning process.Thomas R. Guskey suggests that for assessments to become an integral part of the instructional process, teachers need to change their approach in three important ways. They must 1) use assessments as sources of information for both students and teachers, 2) follow assessments with high-quality corrective instruction, and 3) give students blu rb chances to demonstrate success (2007). In differentiated classrooms everywhere, a resounding mantra is Fair is not equal fair is getting what you need. Assessments enable us to determine what students need. unless for our assessments to be accurate, we need multiple measures of student understanding.We need evidence gathered over time in different ways to evaluate how effective the teaching and learning process has been. Tomlinson and McTighe (2006) suggest that when we gather a photo album rather than a snapshot of our students, we can differentiate instruction based on a more accurate evaluation of our students learning needs (Dodge).A students probability to learn is the single most important student success uncertain that schools can control. This seems straightforward, but researchers have discovered that, in many schools, the learning continuum is divided into three disparate entities the intended platform, the implemented class, and the attained curriculum. The intend ed curriculum is content specified by school or external measures (e. g. , national content standards). The implemented curriculum is content actually delivered by teachers.And the attained curriculum is what students learn. While most parents (and educators) assume congruity between the three entities, the discrepancy between them is, in practice, often surprisingly pronounced, in part because when teachers use the textbook as the curriculum for a course and cannot cover all the material, they commonly make independent and idiosyncratic decisions about what should be covered directly influencing the students opportunity to learn. Research on OTL establishes a compelling argument for curriculum articulation.

The Role of the Leader in Evaluating Data to Improve Quality and Safety Essay Example for Free

The Role of the attractor in Evaluating Data to Improve Quality and Safety EssayThe Role of the Leader in Evaluating Data to Improve Quality and SafetyIntroduction Quality and safety has been receiptd as signifi so-and-sot issues in constructing the deli actually of assume and reachable health kick. To improve safety and quality the drawing card must analyze data and interpret the information to develop s system for clinical execution by supervising, motivating and constructing a quandary solving plan to deal with the scheme of medical inaccuracy. The purpose of this paper is to explain the significance of the responsibility of the leader in evaluation of data to perk up safety and quality aspects. In the telemetry unit, patients are in an unremitting electronic supervision. Telemetry practice is a very significant tool in hospitals since it helps physicians to examine heart rhythm, heart rate, breathing from different locations in the nursing station. Telemetry is usually recommended subsequent to heart attack, or when a patient is developing some problem or is acutely ill. Data evaluation in the telemetry is very vital because it helps nurses to monitor the patients by reading the bedside monitors or telemetry readouts while evaluating the patients. This will help the nurses and other hospital personnel to respond swiftly to an emergency (Guo, 2008).Data overview The average age of patients in the telemetry unit is 72.4 historic period old, and every patient in the unit has heart disease. The data shows that 68% of the falls were women, who are more than susceptible to diuretics. Women are more susceptible to degenerative arthritis since bone mass decreases quicker in women as compared to men due to poor nutrition, sedimentary lifestyles and hormonal alterations are therefore more probable of falls. circumferential sensations dwindle with age and loss of foot affectionate sense in the aged contributes to postural unsteadiness. Postural permanen ce is an expertise that relies on the harmonization of sensorial and motor systems to direct body activities. As component of the aging development people cannot hear, see, feel, smell or taste like they used to do in the early years. The data reveal that fifteen falls in the four-month phase happened between seven in the evening to xi in the dawn. Data also reveal that 12% of the patients nominate secondary diagnosis of disorientation. Confusion in the old age that happens late in the sunset is known as sundowners disorder and is amplified perplexity, confusion and is general in telemetry patients. Data reveals that there was only one fall during the eleven pm shift to the three am shift, and on the three to seven shift there was only one fall, the nursing subordinate provides supplementary support for the patients and nurses as well as other staple fibre health care to patients in nursing homes or in hospitals.Data reveals that there were nine falls between 7 in the morning t o eleven in the evening. There were seven falls between 11 in the evening to 3 in the morning. And finally there were 14 falls in the 3 in the morning fall to seven in the evening shift. There was a total of 47 seven falls in the 4 months of data evaluation of the elderly people. Some of the old age disorders that causes falls are irreversible, chronic and degenerative ranging from mild to severe hence they require limiting attention. Appropriate data entry and interpretation is very crucial in the nursing practice. The patients are in diuretics and thus they require constant check up and monitoring so that the doctors can check potassium levels and monitor how the kidneys of the patients are functioning (Murphy, 2012).Quality improvement plan Quality health concern is delimitate as the extent of how health services increase the probability of achieving desired health results and are consistent with existing professional acquaintance. Quality health care should meet the following aims set by Institute of Medicine. The six aims include efficient, safe, timely, equitable, effective and patient-centered. The forge of care measures help to access whether the health concern performs procedures that have been established to attain the aspired objectives and evade those processes that are inclined toward impairment (Murphy, 2012). The objectives of evaluating health care value are to establish the impact of health care on aspired upshots and evaluate the extent to which health concern adheres to procedures approved by the professional consensus and is unswerving with patient predilections. Measures of safety and quality can follow up the process of quality enhancement initiatives using external standards. Total quality model is another significant strategy since involve teamwork, systems thinking, organizational management, and change and defined processes to score an atmosphere for advancing health care quality (Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB K2682/). Quality improvement is defined as systematic, data-guided operations structured to bring instant advancement in delivering health care in specific settings. Medical errors are usually caused by process or system failures, thus it is vital to adopt process-advancement procedures to acknowledge ineffective care, inefficiencies, and preventable mistakes to persuade changes related with those systems. Quality improvement includes effects analysis, lean, Plan-Do- Study-Act, failure modes, root-cause analysis, and six sigma models. These techniques involve evaluating performance and using results to update change (Rowe, 2013). lead characteristics Support and commitment. Leaders should work as a team and always place the patient as the center of care regardless of the prevailing pagan changes. nursemaid leaders should be committed to empowering the patients and their families by partnering in their personal care. Transformational leadership is another quality that leaders should embrace changes in nursing practice. Nurse leaders need to be updated about safety measures of improving safety. Nurses can learn to improve care by learning from errors by incorporating safety procedures in their daily work flow.Summary Safety and quality is very crucial in creating the delivery of successful and approachable health care. Quality improvement involves appropriate analysis and interpretation of data to develop a scheme for clinical performance by constructing a quandary solving plan to deal with errors in nursing. Appropriate data evaluation is crucial since nurses are required to respond quickly to emergencies especially if they are attending to old patients. Aged patients are more susceptible to many diseases especially women. Aged patients experience hormonal changes, poor nutrition and sedimentary lifestyles which place them at high risk of certain disorders. diligents measly from certain disorders can benefit from telemetry unit services since they will learn about their conditions, their causes and techniques that can be applied to manage those conditions. Patients under diuretics should be accompanied frequently so that the nurses can monitor their potassium levels as well as the functioning of their kidneys. Quality of health care is very important since it can reduce number of patient falls.ReferencesGuo, K. L. (2008). Quality of health care in the US managed care system Comparing and highlighting successful states. International ledger of Health Care Quality Assurance, 21(3), 236-248.Murphy, W. A. (2012). Improving Patient Safety and Quality A Focus on Falls. Home Health Care Management Practice, 24(1), 62-64.Rowe, R. J. (2013). Preventing Patient Falls What Are the Factors in Hospital Settings That Help Reduce and Prevent Inpatient Falls?. Home Health Care Management Practice, 25(3), 98-103.Tools and Strategies for Quality advantage and Patient Safety. (n.d.). ncbi. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book s/NBK2682/Source document

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy EssayEuthanasia has been a controversial issue for a very long meter. The ancient Romans and Grecians supported euthanasia after the interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath that was written around four hundred B.C. They considerd that the persons life should not be preserved if this person has no interest in life. Hence, voluntary euthanasia was not banned in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. However, committing Suicide as easily as helping others to commit suicide was considered as a criminal act by the English jurisdiction during the 1300s. Euthanasia faced the first direct law against it in New York at the 1828 which was known as the Anti-Euthanasia law. Euthanasia like Abortion had become a major issue for debating in the following decades until the recent days .(Sandhyarani, 2001). Nowadays, all dictionaries and references define euthanasia as mercy k misadventureing of patients in severe incurable pain. Oxford diction ary for example, has defined euthanasia as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. The way these definitions were defined came from the origin of the word Euthanasia, where Euthanasia is a Greek word came from the 17th century to combine two words, Eu which means well and easy and Thanatos meaning death.(Oxford dictionary, 2010).Euthanasia nowadays can be categorized into many different forms and types, the first and most common one is the vigorous voluntary euthanasia where the patient is mercifully killed with his own volition and request, its also known as the help suicide. Other different form is known as the involuntary passive euthanasia that let the patients live on without their own request, this kind is known for patients who are in comas or unable to talk or herald with others.(BBC, 2009).With the current debates and developments in the world, euthanasia is being discussed globally, legalized in so me countries and still discussed in others. Netherland was the first country in the world to legalize Euthanasia in 2002, followed by Belgium at the end of 2002 and some parts in the United States of America. Switzerland on the other hand allows the physician assisted suicide in especial(a) cases but the euthanasia is still not legal in this country. What must be known about the laws of these countries is that they are strictly standardized for euthanasia as euthanasia is being applied only to specific kinds of patients.Euthanasia is indeed one of the most controversial issues to date. Taking both sides, supporting and opposing euthanasia in the society, doctors and governments into considerations, the main question now centers on whether Euthanasia is the regenerate act to consider on the cases with no cure and whether euthanasia should be legalized. The military operation of painlessly helping a terminally ill person to die should be legalized as its a merciful act that offers d ignity and compassion at lifes cruel end. People who are euthanized are going to die anyway. However, by legalizing euthanasia, they can be saved from suffering terrible pain.(Friedman, 2010) Therefore, governments should not stand in the way of letting severely ill people with no chances in getting cured to end their lives legally by Euthanasia.The following research stand out will hereby focus on the reasons why euthanasia should be legalized, what we can pr fifty-fiftyt and gain by legalizing euthanasia, effects of euthanasia and its future. The time snare used in this research project is from 2000 till date, the research is showing the latest ideas and arguments presented in the world where euthanasia is still developing and arguments involved in this issue are leaning more towards legalizing euthanasia day after day.2.0 Body of Content2.1 Euthanasia is a Freedom of ChoiceJust as I shall select my ship when I am about to go on a voyage, or my house when I propose to take a res idence, so I shall withdraw my death when I am about to depart from life. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Roman Stoic Philosopher, orator and statesman)Every person was born free and has the good to die free with his own will. Moreover, dignified death is one of the fundamental rights people are supposed to suck as being part and circumstances of the fundamental rights to life. According to the Daily Telegraph (2008), Chantal Sebire was a French woman diagnosed with a rare type of cancer (a malignant neoplasm of the nasal vault) in 2002, her tumor developed and reached a point where it cannot be stopped or cured, it made sever deformities in Sebires face taking away the senses of smelling, tasting and finally sight from her. Moreover, Sebire was suffering from horrible pain she said a normal human would not allow an animal to go through. She appealed to the French court ask for a permission to have an assisted suicide as she could not bear the pain anymore. However, her appeal was reje cted as euthanasia is not legal in France. Two days later Chantal Sebire was found dead as she committed suicide in her house after her appeal was rejected. It can be seen from that case that this way of crossing into death was unfair as it was more scary and painful experience than a regulated euthanasia. In Sebires case as well as other similar cases where cure is not found for patients, patients are going through horrible pain and they are going to die anyway, governments should not stand in the way of those severely ill people with no cure or treatment to end their lives legally by assisted suicide. Therefore, the life of those patients is their choice and they have the right to continue living or die peacefully.The pursuit of happiness is the pursuit of relief from pain and suffering. (Cockeram, 2007). By having the passkey power in keeping the lives of patients with no chance in getting well or having cure is not giving them relief or even happiness, it is like holding their lives, watching them suffer at the last moments of their lives and locking them in a life they are not having since they have lost their senses, feelings or even conscious.Opponents of euthanasia argue that euthanasia is a cruel act and a human enforcement to end other people lives without their permission. Lozano mentioned that the Vatican believes that ending lives of severely ill people even the premature babies who are gravely ill by euthanasia is an illicit act as well as act of cruelty. (CNA, 2006). Therefore, opponents believe that euthanasia would violate the Gods gift of life and enforce in ending lives of people who are not able to communicate with others. However, according to the article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5 adds No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. If no one shall be subjected to torture, then why do we have to w atch them suffer? (Euthanasia UK, 2007). Most of the people who choose euthanasia are those patients who suffer from diseases that cause a lot of pain and cannot be treated. If those patients choose not to bear the pain, they should have the right to do so. (Bose, 2011). It is the right of those patients with no cure to choose their own life and death. Other kind of brain dead patients who are in irreversible coma and cannot communicate have no chances in getting back to life or even getting well as in most cases their brains are damaged, it is in their privilege as well as other patients favors with chances in getting cured to be euthanized, providing them with the mercy killing doesnt mean it is a cruel act against their will but it is ending their suffer, releasing their locked souls in no life and lowering the expenses their parents or relatives have to pay for hospitals only for keeping them alive but unconscious mind through machines. Euthanizing such patients can be by shor tening the amount of oxygen or food given to them through machines and tubes. Therefore, euthanasia should not be considered as a cruel act but an act of mercy that gives patients and even their parents the right to choose life or death at the time of suffer and inevitable death.

Technologys Effect On The Music Industry Media Essay

Technologys Effect On The Music Industry Media EssayEver since mankind has existed unison has been a cock-a-hoop part in mints lives. Even the Mayan Indians had ways to make music that would express their feelings, emotions, and show how their culture influenced them. Now, we use music to not only express how we feel, just give our life story. As technology has changed, the way that music is heard and seen has changed also. With advances in technology, producing music, listening to music, and downloading music has be condescend much easier oer the old age.One major thing in the music industry that has changed along with the advancement of technology is how people record, or produce, music. The first device used to record audio and be able to play it back was Thomas Edisons phonograph. This device used grooves to record and playback sound which would make it hard to redo a recording if you messed up. As years went on and technology became more and more advanced, magnetic tape re cording came out. Magnetic tape recording allowed people to record sound, and if they didnt like it, they could rewind the tape, and record over it as if it was never there. Although this worked for many years, as technology advanced, the way people can record their music advanced, leading to how we record music today (Morton).In todays society, people may still use the old style tape recordings because theyre cheap and easy to use, but most big recording sessions use programs on computers such as ProTools, Power Tracks, SONAR, Cubase, and many more. The convenience of these programs is the fact that not only can you record and delete audio, but you can also modify audio that is recorded to extend effects to it. For example, if an artist wants to record a song that they have been working on, but their singing isnt the greatest, producers can use these programs to add affects to their voice so that they sound better. As technology has advanced, the way music is produced is not the only thing that has been affected.Before technology became real big in todays society, people would listen to music from record players and cassette tapes. As technology began to expand, people started listening to music on computers, CDs, and now iPods. In the late 1970s and untimely 1980s, Sony developed a disk that allowed people to add music so that they could listen it where ever they went (EDinformatics). This also impacted music producers and artists because these disks could hold more keeping than a record could, so this meant they could record more songs to add to albums and sell to the fans. One of the biggest things that have influenced how people listen to their music world wide is the iPod. In 2001, Apple released the very first iPod. iPods have allowed people to use one device to hold all their favorite music, videos, and photos. This device has impacted how we listen to music so much that it is being used worldwide (Things). Another thing that impacted how people li sten to music is websites on the internet such as YouTube. In 2005, three people had an idea to create a website for people to watch their favorite music videos, listen to music, and post their own videos. Little did they agnise that the website that they had created would become as popular as it is today (Laco).As years went on, people argon now getting most of their music by downloading it. When people want to get the newest song that is out on their iPod or mp3 player, they usually go to iTunes, YouTube, BearShare, or any other music downloading site. Downloading music has become so big, that it is the only way you can get music off of the internet. According to cnn.com, iTunes alone has at least 5 billion song downloads per day (Elmer-Dewitt). That is not counting all the other websites that allow people to download music.As technology keeps advancing, it affects music in more ways than one. Ipods, recording software, and downloading music are just a few ways that technology af fects music, but they are the ones that stand out to us the most. As time goes on, technology will come up with more simple ways to complete tasks in the music industry, even some that are simpler than what we have today. New websites will probably be developed to help download music and new software for computers will probably be invented to help music producers make music that fans will do to hear. If it wasnt for technology, music would not be such a big part of our lives as it is today.

Organisational studies The effective of Team work and problems faced

Organisational studies The strong of Team work and problems faced1- IntroductionGroups and squads form a key part of life in work organization, coordination and cooperation be the just most activities taking place within organizations which is only chance ond by deal working together. We al ways work as collections in our families, communities and educational systems, neighborhoods. There is no skepticism that the success of organization depends on the proceeding of its groups and teams. And by mobilizing groups and team the organization can meet its competitive demand in the challenging environmentIn the last years competitive environment yield lead to the managers to concern and ensure more than on the groups and teams performance very well. By implementation teamwork in the organization its lead to reduce the costs and to increase the profits which atomic number 18 the key in all competitive market in todays economic climate.Managing groups is the approximately imp ortant aspect because most of the organization work d unmatched within group so to manage this group its requires Planning- Organizing- Leading- Controlling (P-O-L-C) functions.This paper illustrate sympathy the meaning of teamwork and groups and identifying the varied types of team and the three take of structure which are influencing teams and its importance in the organization behavior, encountering of tools and techniques that increasing the effectiveness of teamwork in organization. blossom analysis of group and team working. And critically important to downstairsstand how groups and teams contri scarcee to organization effectiveness. While their effect is potentially positive.2- Teams in OrganizationAt the antecedent of 1990s the use of teams within organization has been raised dramatic, such as the Miller Brewing Company increasing productivity 30% by utilize teams comparing with traditional organization.And too many organization they obtained benefits by using teams, Instruments in Malaysia to reduce defects from 100 parts per million to 20 parts per million. Furthermore, Westinghouse trim back its cycle time from 12 weeks to 2 weeks, and Harris Electronics was capable to achieve an 18% reduction in costs.(1)Many companies switch to use teams and they did good job standardised Square D, they changed to self-directed teams and found that overtime on machines, than the production increased because the setup operators were able to control the work in much more effective ways than a manager could say.(2)2.1. Definitions of Effective TeamsOne of the most popular definitions by Schein defines a group in psychological terms as any number of people who interact with one an early on(a) are psychologically aware of one an opposite and perceive themselves to be a group (3) apt confirms this more simple-mind as any collection of people who perceive themselves as a group (4) however both of this two definition doesnt summarize wherefore people work as a group, maybe this definition is better a group is a collection of two or more people who interact with one another regularly to achieve common goals. In the a group within this definition, membersAre mutually dependent on one another to achieve common goals andInteract regularly with one another to pursue those goals over a sustained period of time. (5)Effective group is a group achieves high level of task performance and human resource performance in the standers sense of quantity, quality and timeline of work tasks. And a group whose members look at that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs. (6)2.2. Types of groups (Formal and inner groups)In organization, the groups can classify by two basic types Formal and Informal Groups.Formal GroupIts an official group of people who designed to serve specific organizational purpose, and its contain of managers, subordinates, or both close relations among group members that influence the behav ior of individuals in the group.The head of the formal group is responsible for the groups performance, but all members contribute the required work. Managers are typically seen as playacting a key linchpin design that ties group horizontally and vertically with the rest of the organization.(7)Informal groupInformal groups are groups that appear unofficially and are not formally designed as parts of the organization, and contain of two or more individuals who are related with one another in ways not prescribed by the formal organization. And they occur through spontaneous personal relationships and specific interest. Not by organization support.Friendship group contains of a group of people which they have a good relation with natural affinities to each other. And they prefer to do work together and even smoking, eating luncheon and also socialize together.3- stops of Group DevelopmentThere is a robust model in 1965 which is still widely used today presented by American organizat ional psychologist Bruce Tuckman. He proposed a four stages map of group evaluation known as Forming- Storming- Norming- Performing Model.(8) and then he enhance his model by adding the fifth stage called Adjourning.Figure 1.1. Stages of a Group Development ModelForming StageIn the forming stage the group members maybe know each other for the first time or maybe there some members know each other, and the group come to gather for the first time so sign of this stage the group member start thinking about the future and the next stage, and member ask some question as he start up to identify with other group members and with the group itself, because the high level of uncertainty, and the member tend to act more polite and avoid conflict and observant.Storming StageIn the storming stage of group development is a period when the member sapidity save and feel included in the group, then the storming stage start enough more genuine and more confrontational. In this stage conflict ari se, hostility and infighting it may happen.And some members feel the tasks are unfair some harder and easier, and now the draw should identify the problems and work out for the solutions and looking to satisfied everyones goals.But in this stage the members become more authentic as they state their deeper thoughts and feelings, and start to understand interpersonal styles and effort made by each member to find the method to achieve group goals and in the same way satisfied groups needs.Norming StageThe norming stage at group development, at this stage the group start to come together as a group, and the group members feel more affiliated to the each other and for the group goals and tasks, and they start to establish their own norms and rules and their goals and operating procedures. Hopefully in this stage the team starts to come together and members tends to be more open, helpful, and respect to each other and they may to share their personal information.At this point need to be carefully managed and the leader should become more of a facilitator by letting the group presume more responsibility for its goals and tasks.Performing stageThe performing stage at group development, in this stage the team members should be more mature and bequeathing to solve any complex tasks. In this stage group develop, well in operation(p) group, organized, mutual assistant, creativity, understanding goals and consumptions, and independence, ancient challenges should contain to improve relationships and performance. Now the group members are motivated and generally satisfied.Adjourning stageIts an important stage for temporary groups, and its an well integration group which able to disband when its work finished and provideing to work together in the future.And in this stage the group closure, symbolism, and they do some ceremonies, and emotional support.Figure 1.2. Stages of a Group Development ModelFormingAdjourningStormingNormingPerformingUncertainty about groups, str ucture and leadershiphipConflict confrontation among group membersMembers settle into TeamFully functional and acceptedEnd of team in case of task4- Nature of the group TaskThere are many tasks that the group asks to perform it but also demand different things on them. The social demands contain relationships members identify how to achieve the task and agreement. When the group faces a complex and technical task it will require a lot of information processing and solution. And the more the task complex the harder the group to perform more effective. (9)However if the group want to achieve goals they have to distribute their efforts broadly and actively, by this the group members will be highly satisfied with each other and accomplishments.5- Membership characteristicsThe characteristics of group members its an important inputs which may affect the way the group operates and achievements.The group must have high skills and competencies to solve and perform the problem and talents alone cannot assure good results.In solid groups, are groups whose members have akin(predicate) backgrounds, interests, values, and attitude etc. but they still facing the limitation of their collective skills.In Heterogeneous groups, are groups whose members have diverse age, gender, experience, backgrounds, etc and there is a wide range of talent and viewpoints for solving problem. But because of this diversity the group members will face difficulties in the short run or early stages of group development by defining problem, share information and deal with interpersonal conflicts .however, research confirms that diversity can be turned into enhanced performance potential. (10)The Diversity consensus dilemma refers to a tendency for diversity in group membership to make it harder for people to work together even though diversity itself expands a group problem solving capacity.(11)6- Group SizeGroup surface can also have an influence the on group effectiveness. By having large g roup members which will help increasing the performance and satisfaction by dividing up the work and accomplish tasks. Anyway, when the group continues growing in size a lots of problems will occur, communication and coordination problems set in, turnover, absenteeism and dissatisfaction. Even logistical matters, like to find a place to meet and also time, the large group will hurt the performance.(12) the most effective number of members of group is between five to seven members, the group with less than five its mogul be so teentsy to share the sufficient responsible. And with group members more than seven it might be hard to participate and offer ideas. And in big group it might be some members tend to act aggressive and to split into coalitions or subgroups.(13) groups with odd number it might be more effective and efficient because run of decision and using majority to resolve disagreements. But when careful discussions are necessary and the emphasis is more on agreement.7- The Effective direction and leadership systems accord to the Dr.Rensis Likert whichs did lots of research on human behavior within organization, especially in Industry sector, by establish a effective climate and a system of management that the key of good leadership and he confirmed that to reach the maximum profitability, high productivity and good relationships between the labors the organization have got to make the most advantageous use of their human assets.After he did a research for many years he identified four systems of managementSystem 1- Exploitive AuthoritativeSystem 2- Benevolent AuthoritativeSystem 3- ConsultativeSystem 4- ParticipativeExploitive AuthoritativeIn this system the responsible are the high levels of managements and the lower have almost nothing, and the decisions are on subordinates and the communication is very a little and no teamwork.Benevolent AuthoritativeLeadership is by a condescending form of master-servant trust, Where motivation is primarily r ewards, and just the managerial level feels responsible and lower levels do not, and also there is a small communication and teamwork,Consultativeleadership is by superiors who have substantial but not complete trust of their subordinates ,where a big amount of workers, especially those at high levels take responsible to accomplishing a organization goals, and some vertical and horizontal communication and a some of teamwork.ParticipativeIn this system where Likert found that it is the optimal solution, where the leadership is by superiors which they have full confidence in their subordinates and there are a economics rewards based on achieving the specific goals and high level on communication and significant amount of cooperative teamwork.8- Characteristics of participative management systemGroups work high effectively and linked together by other similar effective groups.High level of confidence between superiors and subordinates by depending and using on them.Superiors always a ttempt to tap ideas on subordinates and use them to achieve it.Workers feel responsible for organizations goals.High level of communications between groups and individuals to achieve organizations goals.The subordinates feel fully involved the decision making process.(14) (15)Role ambiguity, role conflict and role overload/ underloadits a common problem in groups when the team members feel unclear about their roles or experience distant role, and it can be managed when the leaders and team members identifies conflicts and ambiguities role and take procedures to explain role expectations.Role ambiguity arise when the worker feel uncertain or dont know exactly about his or her role. To do jobs perfectly, members should know what is expected from them, and in many new teams because the role ambiguity it create problem like some members work efforts are wasted or unappreciated by others in the team. Even in the mature group the fail to share expectation and listen to each other it may make similar lack of understanding.Role overloadArise when the worker has a lot of work to and too much expected, role under load arise when worker dont work too much, feels underutilized and too little expected. By having clear and realistic expectations about their expected tasks and responsibilities typically the group members will benefit from that.Role conflictArise when worker cannot meet the expectations of others. The worker understands what tasks and needs to be done but for some reason cannot fulfill, and can also reduce and effect satisfaction and relationships with group members.There are four common forms of the role conflictIntra-sender role conflict occurs when the same person sends conflicting expectations.Inter-sender role conflict occurs when different people signal conflicting and mutually exclusive expectations.Person-role conflict occurs when ones personal values and needs come into conflict with role expectations.Inter-role conflict occurs when the expectations of two or more roles held by the same individual become incompatible, such as the conflict between work and family demands. (16)Lists of ReferencesLikert,R.(1961), New Patterns of management, McGrawHill.Likert, R. (1967), The man Organization Its Management and Value, McGrawHill.

A Child Called It Essay -- Child Abuse Essays Papers

A Child Called It As a child Dave Pelzer was brutally beaten and famished by his emotionally unstable, alcoholic mother a mother who played tortuous, unpredictable games that left one of her sons nearly dead. She no longer considered him a son, alone a slave no longer a boy, but an it. His bed was an old army cot in the basement, his clothes were torn and smelly, and when he was allowed the high life of food it was scraps from the dogs bowl. The outside world knew nothing of the nightmare played out behind closed doors. Dave romanceed of finding a family to love him and shout him their son. It took years of struggle, deprivation and despair to find his dreams and make something of himself. A Child Called It covers the early years of his life and is an affecting and inspiration memoir of one childs aim to survive.In most of my classes Ive always heard that your parents are the most important people in your life and I truly believe this. volume are affected by everything their parents say and do both in childhood and later on in adulthood. If a child is constantly looked overmatch upon and made to believe that nothing they do is good enough, chances are they will grow up believing this and having low confidence. It is remarkable that a child Davids age fought himself from breaking down, dissolving into tears and giving up hope for a better future. David constantly worked towards or rather survived because of a dream, a dream t hat he was a prince and that every...

West Nile Virus Essay example -- Biology

West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and more birds.HistoryWhile many forms of encephalitis exist, West Nile Virus was first isolated and identified in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. The virus, which was seemingly isolated to North Eastern Africa, became acknowledge as a cause of severe human meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. In profit to the human victims of this disease, the virus was found Egypt and France during 1960s to have fatal effects within horses. While this disease spread through Northern African and southern Europe, 1999 marked the first appearance of West Nile Virus in North America, with encephalitis reported in both humans and horses .West Nile in the join StatesThe West Nile Virus first came to the U.S. publics attention following an outbreak in New York in August 1999 where eight patients has contracted ecephalitis from the virus. In the following quaternion years the virus spread to almost all 48 contiguous states. In the United States cases were initially infrequent until 2002, when a massive outbreak occurred in the Mississippi River basin during August and September. As it has spread through the country, nearly 8,500 people have been diagnosed with the virus, which has lead to 189 deaths. The emergence of the new disease has been followed closely by the media and the government. Many areas that have experienced significant outbreaks of the Virus have occured have implem... ...e a much better chance of even avoiding the itch of a mosquito bite. shew sure that you drain standing water around your yard and repair the screens on your windows and doors to keep the bugs from coming in. * Step Three econom ic aid Your Community direct the Disease. While it is relatively easy to control what happens around your home, it takes community effort to help curb West Nile on a city wide level. Help authories by reporting any dead birds that you see, see if your city/town has a mosquito control program that you can help with, or even begin together with your neighborhood to clean the local park and remove mosquito breeding areas in public spaces. West Nile Virus is nothing to be afraid of, merely it must be taken seriously. The process by which these goals are met are simple, but require you to take proactive measures in your day to day life.